Tutta colpa di Kant

Il mondo che ci circonda non è, ci appare. Il filosofo tedesco I. Kant ha compiuto nei suoi studi ciò che lui stesso definisce “una rivoluzione copernicana della filosofia”. Infatti, così come N. Copernico aveva nei suoi studi astronomici scambiato di posizione il sole e la terra, andando contro a ciò che era sempre stato creduto fino ad allora, Kant scambiò di posizione il  soggetto e l’oggetto. Così facendo non era più il soggetto ad osservare gli oggetti, ma gli oggetti stessi a mostrarsi (apparire) al soggetto. Per validare maggiormente questa sua teoria della conoscenza, Kant compì un ulteriore passaggio. Identificò chi fosse questo soggetto interpretante denominandolo “soggetto trascendentale”. La critica più importante gli venne posta da Hegel, il quale suggerì che il soggetto trascendentale a cui si riferiva era a sua volta un prodotto della realtà e quindi non fosse diverso dagli oggetti che ci si riproponeva di studiare. Esso stesso appariva, e non era.

La filosofia è stata il punto di partenza di altre discipline, come la sociologia, la psicologia, l’antropologia, la linguistica, comprese altre svariate sottocategorie. I nomi delle discipline mutano, ma non le domande che stanno alla loro base. Se il mondo che ci circonda è qualcosa che ci appare, allora è differente per ognuno di noi. Ciò che rende unico il modo in cui ci appaiono gli oggetti della nostra vita quotidiana, e con oggetti intendiamo anche le notizie, le relazioni, e tutto ciò che compone la nostra realtà, è la percezione che si ha di essi.

Purtroppo, molto raramente si riesce a comprendere di quanto sia fallace la nostra stessa percezione; questo sicuramente è dato dal fatto che siamo poco propensi a mettere in discussione le nostre stesse idee e sicurezze, ma non solo. Ci sono diverse cause che concorrono nel distorcere le nostre percezioni, sia individuali che contestuali. Uno studio consistente su questo tema è stato presentato dal Direttore generale dell’istituto di ricerca IPSOS MORI, Bobby Duffy. Nel suo libro “The Perils of Perception” lo scienziato riassume lo studio fatto, dal quale emergono degli aspetti molto interessanti rispetto a quanto sia distorta la percezione a seconda della cultura nella quale ogni intervistato del campione utilizzato è cresciuto e ha vissuto. Lo studio non si riduce però ad una gara a chi sbaglia meno, ma si spinge oltre, cercando di individuare il motivo per cui alcune nazioni, prima tra tutte l’Italia, sbagliano più di altre. Ebbene sì, sulle 38 nazioni prese in considerazione siamo il popolo che in media ha dato risposte che più si discostano dalla realtà dei fatti. Abbiamo sbagliato in ogni campo, dalla disoccupazione all’immigrazione, dall’età media al numero di persone affette da diabete. I motivi per cui si è così propensi a dare risposte sbagliate sono molteplici, e sono validi globalmente. In primo luogo incontriamo le cause individuali, ovvero il “come pensiamo”. All’interno di questa categoria possiamo riconoscere l’effetto Dunning-Kruger, l’euristica della disponibilità e il confirmation bias

Il primo è stato individuato e sviluppato a partire da un tragicomico avvenimento accaduto negli Stati Uniti nel 1995. Un uomo decise infatti di rapinare una banca, in pieno giorno e a volto scoperto. Qualche ora dopo, quando la polizia lo fermò, il malcapitato era estremamente stupito di essere stato scoperto:”Ma come avete fatto?! Io avevo il succo!”. Ebbene sì, lo scaltro rapinatore era convinto che cospargendosi con il succo di limone sarebbe diventato invisibile e l’avrebbe fatta franca. Da qui i due studiosi teorizzarono la distorsione cognitiva per la quale una persona incompetente lo è a tal punto da non accorgersi di esserlo. E a quanto ci dimostrano i fatti, essere inconsapevoli di essere incompetenti non ha mai dei buoni risultati. 

La seconda distorsione cognitiva, come dice il nome stesso, è una scorciatoia mentale per la quale tendiamo a sovrastimare la frequenza di fatti, o di dati scientifici a essi correlati, all’aumentare della frequenza con cui se ne ha notizia. Ad esempio potremmo ipotizzare che somministrando un questionario in cui si richiede di indicare il numero di morti a causa di COVID-19 in Italia dall’inizio della pandemia, il dato riscontrato sia più alto di quello reale a causa della persistente presenza di notizie relative al fenomeno sui mass media. 

Il confirmation bias, è invece la distorsione che evidenzia quanto siamo propensi a cercare notizie che confermino le nostre idee, e quanto allo stesso modo ignoriamo tutto ciò che è contrario alle nostre convinzioni. 

Per quanto riguarda gli elementi contestuali che contribuiscono ad aumentare i nostri errori di percezione incontriamo:

  • il basso tasso di scolarizzazione: che non permette di comprendere o interpretare i dati che si hanno a disposizione.
  • Il fatto che sia più facile dare notizie cattive e non veritiere rispetto a dare notizie buone: questo a causa del fatto che le prime si diffondono maggiormente essendo cariche di emozioni forti come rabbia o paura. 
  • La perdita di referenti istituzionali: ovvero la perdita di persone di riferimento a favore del dilagare della comunicazione orizzontale tipica di internet e dei social network. Con comunicazione orizzontale si intende la situazione per la quale, ad esempio, la parola dei medici vale tanto quanto la parola dei non-esperti, andando a perdere dunque il diverso valore intellettuale delle argomentazioni proposte dagli uni e dagli altri. 
  • Il fenomeno della solitudine di massa: il quale ci fa sentire esclusi e lontani, producendo in noi ansia e aggressività, facendoci sovrastimare il lato negativo delle cose. L’insieme di queste cause è alimentato anche dal mondo dei social network, che tramite i loro algoritmi distorcono maggiormente la realtà in cui viviamo. 

Analizzando i dati raccolti B. Duffy non si spiega però le enormi differenze riscontrate tra un Paese e l’altro; è così costretto ad appellarsi agli studi di Erin Meyer, una professoressa americana che ha sviluppato un indice di “espressività emotiva” che sembra sia associato al “quanto sbagliamo”. Per la misurazione di questa caratteristica si prendono in considerazione ad esempio la tendenza ad alzare la voce, a toccare gli altri mentre si parla e a ridere appassionatamente durante una conversazione. 

Come ci dice lo stesso ricercatore, potrebbe sembrare leggermente fuorviante correlare queste peculiarità con il fatto che siamo deludenti, per esempio, nell’indovinare i tassi di immigrazione; non dobbiamo però scordarci di una cosa: parte delle nostre intuizioni sono frutto di emozioni. Anche impegnandoci al massimo non saremo mai dei calcolatori al cento per cento, e questo va tenuto a mente in ogni momento della nostra vita. 

Siamo costantemente soggetti a dati, notizie, informazioni, dicerie, pensieri che sono mediati da emozioni e non possiamo permetterci che questo sia usato contro di noi. Allo stesso modo non possiamo permettere che le nostre emozioni prendano il sopravvento, finendo per percepire un mondo cupo e senza via di uscita, che ci schiaccia lentamente nella sua morsa. I meccanismi che possiamo mettere in atto per proteggerci da ciò sono quelli dell’assunzione di responsabilità da parte di tutti, della creazione di un pensiero critico e dell’avere la voglia e la forza di incamminarsi sulla via che ci porta a conoscere davvero il mondo che ci circonda. Il primo passo per fare ciò è quello di riconoscere i propri errori, i propri limiti e che il mondo che ci circonda non è, ci appare.

– Mattia Quinto

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