Social et Circenses

Nella nostra società sono presenti, tra le altre, due problematiche apparentemente distinte fra loro, ma che risultano molto interessanti se osservate contemporaneamente. Una è il morboso rapporto instauratosi tra politica e società, l’altra è il mal utilizzo dei social network in ambito di ricostruzione politica e sociale. Queste due questioni sono, a mio parere, connesse fra loro ma ciò non vuole affatto dire che si completino l’una nell’altra. Non basta, infatti, comprendere come utilizzare al meglio gli strumenti della rete per ricucire il divario tra la politica dei palazzi e i problemi della società, ma sarebbe ancora più utopistico pensare l’inverso. Sicuramente però, lavorare contemporaneamente su questi aspetti, può essere uno dei tanti punti di partenza per mettere in moto un cambiamento radicale.

Per comprendere in che modo società e politica siano arrivate ad instaurare un rapporto morboso è necessario approfondire soprattutto l’aspetto comunicativo del legame tra le  due parti. Nell’ultimo decennio abbiamo assistito ad una forte spinta demagogica dei vari interlocutori politici, i quali hanno lasciato sempre più in disparte i toni altisonanti utilizzati in precedenza per fare spazio ad un linguaggio per lo più colloquiale e diretto. Questo cambiamento ha visto protagonisti soprattutto esponenti di partiti che, dalla fine della “prima repubblica” ad oggi, hanno guadagnato consensi proprio per la vena populista con cui affrontano i temi politici. A proposito di questo, è particolarmente interessante notare come le due forze politiche con  il maggior numero di voti alle scorse elezioni nazionali (2018) siano nate in relazione a forti richieste popolari: seppure abbiano poi subito un processo di trasformismo la Lega della prima ora ha cavalcato l’indipendentismo e il M5S è stato il partito del “Vaffa”. Lo stesso Partito Democratico ha fondato alcune sue campagne elettorali su istanza populiste, come il “Mai con Berlusconi”, risalente al 2013, racchiuso nello slogan “Lo smacchiamo” che compare nello spot della campagna elettorale.

Ma se da un estremo  la comunicazione degli oratori è troppo diretta e semplificata, riducendosi sempre più spesso ad esclamazioni, elenchi disordinati, slogan vuoti di significato e poco altro, dal lato opposto coloro che recepiscono i messaggi sono sempre meno in grado di comprendere ragionamenti e discorsi complessi, che spesso richiedono buone conoscenze in molteplici ambiti. Il livello medio di attenzione delle nuove generazioni si è ridotto drasticamente e il cosiddetto analfabetismo funzionale, ovvero l’incapacità di utilizzare in modo corretto, e funzionale, abilità come lettura, scrittura e calcolo, è via via sempre più presente tra i giovani. In Italia, purtroppo, si registra anche un tasso di abbandono scolastico tra i più alti d’Europa (fonte: Eurostat), e questo è causato soprattutto dal sistema scolastico, che fatica ad includere la dimensione sociale al suo interno. Infatti, la presenza di una rete sociale forte ed inclusiva è determinante per il sostegno dei giovani, soprattutto nei difficili anni in cui questi si devono confrontare con difficoltà familiari che li allontanano dal loro percorso di studi.

La trasformazione della comunicazione politica e la trasformazione culturale della società provocano un disequilibrio tra le forze democratiche, disequilibrio che alimenta a sua volta queste due trasformazioni. I social network sono forse il mezzo emblematico attraverso il quale questo nuovo, relativamente all’ambito considerato, tipo di comunicazione politica avviene, anche se si è via via estesa a macchia d’olio anche in molti altri contesti di comunicazione istituzionale. La rincorsa delle notizie bomba, i cosiddetti scoop, ha portato molte agenzie di stampa a pubblicare notizie sotto forma di titoli, seguiti mediamente da non più di cinque righe di testo. Spesso queste mezze notizie vengono date in pasto ai social network, i quali utenti sembrano essere meno inclini all’approfondimento. Su questo stesso impianto mediatico dell’informazione sono stati costruiti interi programmi televisivi, che sfruttano fake news, notizie non confermate o gonfiate (clickbait) per aumentare la loro audience.

Ciò che è contraddittorio nell’utilizzo dei social network è che sono spesso visti solo, ed esclusivamente, come mezzo di propaganda, come luogo dove urlare le proprie idee a squarciagola, come luogo dove litigare e discutere con chi la pensa in modo differente ma sempre con il fine ultimo di affermare il proprio credo al di sopra di quello degli altri, come luogo dove chi la pensa nella medesima maniera deve unirsi ed isolarsi,  mai nessuno, o forse in troppo pochi, vedono il fenomeno dei social network come una piazza in cui mettersi seduti ad ascoltare e tra i pochi che lo fanno, raramente hanno scopi nobili.

La propaganda populista, come suggerisce il nome stesso, per ottenere l’effetto sperato deve attecchire esattamente lì, dove la gente ha bisogno di sentirsi capita e ascoltata. Al tempo dei social è tutto molto più frenetico, e anche gli interessi e i bisogni immediati delle persone si susseguono a distanza di tempi brevissimi. In questo nuovo assetto si è inserita perfettamente la “Bestia” di Matteo Salvini, ovvero la macchina mediatica attraverso la quale il leader leghista, aiutato dai suoi più stretti collaboratori ed esperti di comunicazione, raccoglie consenso. Il suo funzionamento si basa sulla valutazione continua dell’ambiente social, con lo scopo di individuare i discorsi e gli argomenti più discussi, nell’attimo corrente, e inserirsi in quegli stessi discorsi tramite un tweet o una foto al fine di raggiungere, grazie agli algoritmi, la massima visibilità possibile. Ci sono dunque due risvolti: il primo è quello sopra citato, ovvero raggiungere molte persone con un singolo contenuto. Il secondo, invece, è farsi inquadrare come un personaggio vicino alla gente, sfruttando argomenti che appartengono al “popolo”.

Il mondo dei social network viene spesso etichettato come caotico, e di per sé potrebbe non essere uno sbaglio, se solo non si cadesse in errore già nel momento in cui si considerano i social network come un mondo, come un’entità unica. Si torna infatti a uno dei problemi basilari già affrontati dalla sociologia nei secoli passati: si mette in secondo piano l’individuo nascondendolo dietro ad una massa che permette di  ignorare ogni singola voce che da essa si eleva.

I social network sono uno dei tanti mezzi che la politica dovrebbe imparare a sfruttare davvero, lasciando da parte la propaganda e mettendo in campo le capacità di ascoltare ed osservare la società, e soprattutto i singoli individui che la compongono, per individuarne i veri bisogni e sogni. Andando oltre la vetrina dell’omologazione mediatica, che offre sempre e soltanto spettacoli di raccapricciante superficialità. Che questo pensiero risulti utopistico allo stato attuale delle cose credo sia normale, ma allo stesso tempo ritengo che sia una concreta via da intraprendere, soprattutto in un momento di crisi come quello che stiamo affrontando, dove i bisogni, e allo stesso modo i sogni, si fanno più acuti.

Anche gli utenti stessi dovrebbero prendere coscienza che l’azione social è, a tutti gli effetti, un’azione sociale. I movimenti che si generano sui social network hanno un forte impatto sul mondo reale, arrivando perfino a influenzare scelte politiche ed economiche di grande rilevanza sociale. Prendiamo come esempio il caso “Reddit-Gamestop”, senza il bisogno di addentrarsi in tecnicismi economici si può notare come la collettività social sia riuscita a mettere in crisi anche sistemi rodati, e spesso riservati ad una determinata élite, come Wall Street. Lo strumento, sfruttato in modo strategico, crea benefici alla collettività che lo utilizza.

Abbiamo dunque a disposizione un “agorà” internazionale, dove chiunque lo desideri ha la possibilità di esprimersi. Ci sono sicuramente molte contraddizioni anche all’interno della stessa, ma non per questo motivo ci si deve arrendere nel tentativo di renderla efficace, anzi è proprio iniziando ad utilizzarla come tale che queste possono essere individuate. Adattiamoci, come società, a sfruttare al meglio i mezzi che già abbiamo, impostiamo una Politica con la maiuscola, che ascolti e non che gridi ai quattro venti. Non serve guardare lontano, basta credere fino in fondo nelle vere potenzialità degli strumenti che ci troviamo tra le mani ogni giorno. È più che necessario smettere di cercare sicurezza e approvazione in uno strumento e iniziare, al contrario, ad usarlo per creare dialogo e cultura.

-Mattia Quinto

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